一、基礎(chǔ)
1、說(shuō)明:創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
CREATE DATABASE database-name
2、說(shuō)明:刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
drop database dbname
3、說(shuō)明:備份sql server
--- 創(chuàng)建 備份數(shù)據(jù)的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'
--- 開(kāi)始 備份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
4、說(shuō)明:創(chuàng)建新表
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根據(jù)已有的表創(chuàng)建新表:
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用舊表創(chuàng)建新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
5、說(shuō)明:刪除新表
drop table tabname
6、說(shuō)明:增加一個(gè)列
Alter table tabname add column col type
注:列增加后將不能刪除。DB2中列加上后數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型也不能改變,唯一能改變的是增加varchar類(lèi)型的長(zhǎng)度。
7、說(shuō)明:添加主鍵: Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
說(shuō)明:刪除主鍵: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
8、說(shuō)明:創(chuàng)建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
刪除索引:drop index idxname
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除重新建。
9、說(shuō)明:創(chuàng)建視圖:create view viewname as select statement
刪除視圖:drop view viewname
10、說(shuō)明:幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的基本的sql語(yǔ)句
選擇:select * from table1 where 范圍
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
刪除:delete from table1 where 范圍
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范圍
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的語(yǔ)法很精妙,查資料!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
總數(shù):select count as totalcount from table1
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
11、說(shuō)明:幾個(gè)高級(jí)查詢(xún)運(yùn)算詞
A: UNION 運(yùn)算符
UNION 運(yùn)算符通過(guò)組合其他兩個(gè)結(jié)果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重復(fù)行而派生出一個(gè)結(jié)果表。當(dāng) ALL 隨 UNION 一起使用時(shí)(即 UNION ALL),不消除重復(fù)行。兩種情況下,派生表的每一行不是來(lái)自 TABLE1 就是來(lái)自 TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 運(yùn)算符
EXCEPT 運(yùn)算符通過(guò)包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重復(fù)行而派生出一個(gè)結(jié)果表。當(dāng) ALL 隨 EXCEPT 一起使用時(shí) (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重復(fù)行。
C: INTERSECT 運(yùn)算符
INTERSECT 運(yùn)算符通過(guò)只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重復(fù)行而派生出一個(gè)結(jié)果表。當(dāng) ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一起使用時(shí) (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重復(fù)行。
注:使用運(yùn)算詞的幾個(gè)查詢(xún)結(jié)果行必須是一致的。
12、說(shuō)明:使用外連接
A、left outer join:
左外連接(左連接):結(jié)果集幾包括連接表的匹配行,也包括左連接表的所有行。
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
B:right outer join:
右外連接(右連接):結(jié)果集既包括連接表的匹配連接行,也包括右連接表的所有行。
C:full outer join:
全外連接:不僅包括符號(hào)連接表的匹配行,還包括兩個(gè)連接表中的所有記錄。
二、提升
1、說(shuō)明:復(fù)制表(只復(fù)制結(jié)構(gòu),源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二:select top 0 * into b from a
2、說(shuō)明:拷貝表(拷貝數(shù)據(jù),源表名:a 目標(biāo)表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
3、說(shuō)明:跨數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)之間表的拷貝(具體數(shù)據(jù)使用絕對(duì)路徑) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具體數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)’ where 條件
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where..
4、說(shuō)明:子查詢(xún)(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
5、說(shuō)明:顯示文章、提交人和最后回復(fù)時(shí)間
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
6、說(shuō)明:外連接查詢(xún)(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
7、說(shuō)明:在線視圖查詢(xún)(表名1:a )
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
8、說(shuō)明:between的用法,between限制查詢(xún)數(shù)據(jù)范圍時(shí)包括了邊界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數(shù)值1 and 數(shù)值2
9、說(shuō)明:in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
10、說(shuō)明:兩張關(guān)聯(lián)表,刪除主表中已經(jīng)在副表中沒(méi)有的信息
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
11、說(shuō)明:四表聯(lián)查問(wèn)題:
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....
12、說(shuō)明:日程安排提前五分鐘提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f開(kāi)始時(shí)間,getdate())>5
13、說(shuō)明:一條sql 語(yǔ)句搞定數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分頁(yè)
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段
14、說(shuō)明:前10條記錄
select top 10 * form table1 where 范圍
15、說(shuō)明:選擇在每一組b值相同的數(shù)據(jù)中對(duì)應(yīng)的a最大的記錄的所有信息(類(lèi)似這樣的用法可以用于論壇每月排行榜,每月熱銷(xiāo)產(chǎn)品分析,按科目成績(jī)排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
16、說(shuō)明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重復(fù)行而派生出一個(gè)結(jié)果表
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
17、說(shuō)明:隨機(jī)取出10條數(shù)據(jù)
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
18、說(shuō)明:隨機(jī)選擇記錄
select newid()
19、說(shuō)明:刪除重復(fù)記錄
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)
20、說(shuō)明:列出數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type='U'
21、說(shuō)明:列出表里的所有的
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')
22、說(shuō)明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地實(shí)現(xiàn)多重選擇,類(lèi)似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
顯示結(jié)果:
type vender pcs
電腦 A 1
電腦 A 1
光盤(pán) B 2
光盤(pán) A 2
手機(jī) B 3
手機(jī) C 3
23、說(shuō)明:初始化表table1
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
24、說(shuō)明:選擇從10到15的記錄
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc
三、技巧
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL語(yǔ)句組合時(shí)用的較多
“where 1=1” 是表示選擇全部 “where 1=2”全部不選,
如:
if @strWhere !=''
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
end
else
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
end
我們可以直接寫(xiě)成
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere
2、收縮數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
--重建索引
DBCC REINDEX
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
--收縮數(shù)據(jù)和日志
DBCC SHRINKDB
DBCC SHRINKFILE
3、壓縮數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
4、轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)給新用戶(hù)以已存在用戶(hù)權(quán)限
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
go
5、檢查備份集
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'
6、修復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
GO
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
GO
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
GO
7、日志清除
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
@MaxMinutes INT,
@NewSize INT
USE tablename -- 要操作的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)名
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想設(shè)定的日志文件的大小(M)
-- Setup / initialize
DECLARE @OriginalSize int
SELECT @OriginalSize = size
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
DECLARE @Counter INT,
@StartTime DATETIME,
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(),
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
EXEC (@TruncLog)
-- Wrap the log if necessary.
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName)
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
BEGIN -- Outer loop.
SELECT @Counter = 0
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
BEGIN -- update
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')
DELETE DummyTrans
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1
END
EXEC (@TruncLog)
END
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
DROP TABLE DummyTrans
SET NOCOUNT OFF
8、說(shuō)明:更改某個(gè)表
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'
9、存儲(chǔ)更改全部表
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
AS
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
select 'Name' = name,
'Owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
order by name
OPEN curObject
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
if @Owner=@OldOwner
begin
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
end
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
END
close curObject
deallocate curObject
GO
10、SQL SERVER中直接循環(huán)寫(xiě)入數(shù)據(jù)
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end
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