1. 定義法(definition)
定義法是用下定義的方式去揭示事物本質(zhì)特征或概念內(nèi)涵。它能使讀者迅速抓住本質(zhì)屬性和基本特點(diǎn)。此法的句型:
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
【例】
(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 語言是人類用來交際的任意性的語音符號(hào)體系。
(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.
(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
2. 舉例法(illustration)
舉例法就是舉出實(shí)際事例來說明事物的方法,是最常見,往往也是最有效的闡釋模式。
專家提醒,舉例時(shí)應(yīng)挑選具體、典型且有能力表達(dá)清楚的例子,并注意按照一定的順序編排。
請(qǐng)看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“l(fā)ifetime goals”的實(shí)例,如,贏得研究獎(jiǎng)金、出版有影響書或文章、獲得大學(xué)的系主任職位、獲得國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金及大公司穩(wěn)定的顧問職位。
3. 分類法(classification)
分類法就是把說明的對(duì)象,按一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分成不同類別分別加以說明的方法。如:上述范文介紹人生的三種目標(biāo),并按照時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)終生目標(biāo)、長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)和短期目標(biāo)做了分類說明。
4. 比較法(comparison)
比較法是用一個(gè)事物和與其有聯(lián)系的其他事物加以對(duì)比的說明方法。目的是為了幫助讀者準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分事物,通過對(duì)比達(dá)到對(duì)該事物的深刻認(rèn)識(shí)。
如:上述范文對(duì)三種人生目標(biāo)在時(shí)間上和實(shí)際操作上進(jìn)行了比較,并闡明了彼此的聯(lián)系。
(1)Lifetime goals should be written out.
(2)Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
(3)These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.
5. 數(shù)字法(statistics)
數(shù)字法是運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)來表明事物的本質(zhì)和特點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)確合理的數(shù)據(jù)使文章精確可信。
【例】
(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.
(2)And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.
說明文的說明方法除上面介紹的常見的幾種以外,還有諸如分項(xiàng)法、列舉法、比喻法及引用法等,只有綜合運(yùn)用多種說明方法,才能多角度、多層次地全面、清晰、準(zhǔn)確地展示客觀事物的本來面貌。
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